by Janet Forbes
What is a fantasy race - and how is it different from a fantasy species?
A lot of worldbuilders get confused between these terms. Because even in our world, people are really complicated. And a lot of the language traditionally used to describe fantasy people is old, and steeped in problematic historical baggage. So, I’m going to attempt to give you the best advice I can for tackling this tricky subject!
And by the way, a massive thank you to the THREE different specialists (anthropologist, social psychologist and archaeologist) who made sure I got all the details and definitions here correct. You know who you are - and you’re MY kinda fantasy people! <3
What are people?
Let’s start with the basics. When we’re talking about people in the context of science fiction and fantasy worldbuilding, we’re talking about Sapient Species (also sometimes called sophonts). That’s your elves, dwarves, klingons, gnomes and other creatures with human-like intelligence, more or less.
Our world currently only has one sapient species - modern humans - but other early hominids certainly seem to have been sapient too. But fantasy and space opera settings with many sapient species living alongside each other are very common. And like in the real world, worldbuilders - and in-world characters - may divide and understand people in a whole host of different ways:
- Species
- Ethnicities
- Cultures
- National or citizen-based identities
- Ideologies or religions
- Settled vs. nomadic
You’ll have noticed that some items on that list are biological truths - like species (we’ll talk more about that in a moment). Some are about personal beliefs, like religions. And some are socially constructed, like national identities, for example, which in our world only really cemented themselves in the 19th century.
What is a Species?
Put simply, a species is a group of organisms (that is to say, people, animals, plants, bacteria, space whales etc.) that are similar to one another, BUT there’s an important caveat: only organisms of the same species can reproduce to create offspring… that are also able to reproduce. We’ll call this the “Viable Offspring” test, and it’ll come back later.
So what does that mean in real terms? Well, two horses can have foals. And when those foals grow up, they’ll also be able to have more foals. Horses everywhere!
Compare that to a horse and a donkey. They’re certainly similar-looking. And they can even have offspring. But their offspring, called either a mule or a jenny, will be sterile: they won’t be able to have children of their own. That means they DON’T produce viable offspring and AREN’T the same species. No horses everywhere.
This “Viable Offspring” test (i.e. offspring that can reproduce) does seem to have some exceptions in nature (you can share your favorite ones in the comments!) But in general, it’s how biologists define species.
So what is a fantasy race (and is it a real thing)?
But Elves, Dwarves, Dragonborn, etc… They’re “fantasy races”, right? Do a quick search on google and that’s what it’ll tell you.
At least, that’s what they’re called in The Lord of the Rings, and they continue to be called that in worlds that took their cue from Tolkein. While definitely not the first fantasy novels, Tolkein’s Hobbit and Lord of the Rings had a hugely formative influence on fantasy. The world’s most-played tabletop RPG, Dungeons and Dragons, copies Tolkein’s elves and dwarves etc. pretty much verbatim. And in D&D, until literally two months ago, they were still called fantasy races. (They’ve finally renamed them to species in the latest edition).
What is a “Race” in People?
So that’s what a fantasy race is. All well and good. But how do we define a “race”?
Let’s start with what we know from science. All modern humans are the same species - Homo sapiens - as defined by the Viable offspring test. Every day, humans from different countries around the world fall in love and prove this, by having children! But even though we’re the same species, we clearly have different heritages, because people have moved all over the world for millennia and their biology became specialized to survive the conditions they found themselves in.
And then…. they moved about some more. There’s viking heritage in Crete, middle-eastern heritage in Spain and Sicily, and people of British heritage absolutely freaking everywhere. For historical reasons we won’t go into here. They’re all still humans, the same species, but they look a bit different.
The Difference Between "Race" and "Species"
But… unlike species, which is a biological term, “race” is a social construct - that’s to say, it’s defined by how people see, define, and group themselves, and more usually, others. And because heritage and identity is complex (even today, there is much metaphorical beard-pulling between anthropologists trying to sort this all out), racial descriptors were historically used as a simple tool, to carve a multicolored world into clear categories that don’t have any biological meaning. This is evidenced by the fact that the specifics of “race” identities and classifications have varied wildly in different eras and places.
The savvy amongst you will already know that these imaginary racial lines drawn between people have traditionally been more about dividing and controlling people than understanding them. And that’s why for so many (including myself), the use of the term “Fantasy Races” feels not just imprecise, but downright icky. It’s a term that’s loaded with historical oppression. And fortunately, it’s already on the out in much of the fantasy writing world. Plenty of Role Playing Games are moving away from “fantasy race” as a naming system for their peoples, and we’ll talk more about good fantasy alternatives (that don’t sound sciency) later.
So was Tolkein writing “races” or species?
So let’s go back to Tolkein. After all, he was the one that coined the “fantasy race” terminology.
We know that Tolkien actually thought about his peoples in terms of biological species, even if he didn’t call them that, as you can see from this excerpt of one of his letters:
“I suppose that actually the chief difficulties I have involved myself in are scientific and biological — which worry me just as much as the theological and metaphysical. Elves and Men are evidently in biological terms one race, or they could not breed and produce fertile offspring – even as a rare event: there are 2 cases only in my legends of such unions" (taken from Letter 153)”
It’s slightly hairy to speculate about what authors meant, especially when they’re not around to explain. But although Tolkein’s characters use the term “race” to describe these different peoples in-world, and Tolkein used the word race in his letters, it’s clear he’s referring to the “Viable Offspring” test, which can only mean species. The “scientific and biological” worries were clearly something he dwelled on: and even though he’s getting the actual biological term wrong - “dammit man, I’m a Philologist, not a Dr.” - he’s certainly thinking of his peoples as biological species.
OK, so why is this important? Can’t I just write whatever I want?
I mean, I’m not your mother, I don’t live in your computer and I’m not the worldbuilding police. But Fantasy and Scifi fiction has always been a grand metaphor for our world. Lord of the Rings is about war, and its harrowing impact on the world. Frank Herbert’s Dune, about the awful things people do to each other for resources, is intentionally about oil. I mean, Arrakis even sounds like Iraq, right? And Star Trek is absolutely packed full of metaphors for current affairs through the ages.
That’s what speculative fiction does. Sure it’s fun, and a mile-a-minute adventure is a great time. But fantasy and sci-fi has always held a mirror up to the world to help us understand and explore difficult topics. And at its heart, there’s often an opinion or message built into each aspect of a world and its stories. That’s why it’s so meaningful and important as a genre.
And that means it’s critical to consider what you’re saying with your world, even if it’s only to your friends around the RPG table. And especially if you’re publishing, and your work will reach even more people, it’s good to be mindful of what you’re putting out into the world.
What term can I use instead of “Fantasy Races”?
Species is a sciency word. There’s no getting around that.
For science fiction writers, that’s no problem at all. In fact, they might dress it up further as xenobiology, meta-species, or sophonts. The game Masters of Umdaar uses “bioforms”. Other ideas for science fiction or science-fantasy could be Genesis, Genespring, etc.
But for fantasy worldbuilders, especially those writing medieval-inspired fantasy, there’s a disconnect between the word “species” and your olde worlde-feeling worldbuilding.
Some awesome RPGs have already been pioneering away from the prevalence of “fantasy race” as a term. Here are some recent examples of equivalent words:
- Lineage (Pathfinder 2e)
- Kindred (Tunnels & Trolls)
- Stock (Torchbearer)
- Ancestry (Shadow of the Demon Lord)
Other good fantasy-sounding names for your peoples are:
- Kin
- Folk
- Heritages
- Kinds
- Origins
- Backgrounds
- Peoples
The “Viable Offspring” test in Fantasy - is it useful?
If you’re being less scientific about your peoples, do you even need the viable offspring species test? As always, it depends on what you’re worldbuilding! But there’s always an RPG player or beta reader who asks about half-elves, so regardless of your choice, you might need to be ready with an answer.
If it’s relevant for your kind of setting, you should choose which of your peoples (or folk, kin, etc) can have children, and if those children pass the “viable offspring” test. That’s especially important if your peoples live alongside each other in daily life. Even if scientists or wizards haven’t gotten involved, there’ll be anecdotal knowledge about couples who were or weren’t able to have children.
Of course, you might choose that all your different peoples can have children (that’s what I did in my recent world) which creates beautiful mixed peoples with interesting heritages. Or that none of them can. That’s totally fine too, just make sure you think of the ramifications this will have on your societies.
World Building Origins
If you are selective about who can have children with whom, this can speak volumes to the origins of your peoples. In many fantasy worlds, some peoples are more similar in origin than others. For instance, traditional D&D logic has gnomes and elves as closer in origin than, for example, dwarves. That might mean you can have an elf-gnome but not an elf-dwarf.
For some reason, humans seem to be able to procreate with anyone in D&D, especially if they’re bards. Maybe it’s just the Captain Kirk phenomena at play, but I’ve always assumed that’s because they’re made of the factory floor scraps of all the other species… that’s just my personal head-canon.
How do you handle this in your own fantasy worlds? Who makes babies with whom, and how do you refer to your different peoples? Or have you seen other AWESOME examples of people tackling this in the wild?
Let me know in the comments, and I hope you enjoyed this read!
About Janet
Janet Forbes (she/her) is not just a multi-lingual, multi-cultural mongrel, but a published fantasy author, professional worldbuilding consultant, and game developer. In 2017 she co-founded World Anvil (https://www.worldanvil.com), the award-winning worldbuilding, writing and tabletop RPG platform which boasts a community of over 2 million users.
Top image by Deleyna via Midjourney.